Analysis of Christ and Culture Written by Richard Niebuhr Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Niebuhr offers a satisfactory definition of neither Christ nor ethics and a clear definition would make things much better. Niebuhr s second approach is Christ against Culture. Here, Niebuhr presents three fundamental units: Christ, Christian as well as culture. In Niebuhr s opinion, Christ against culture is a radical response whereby Christians give their loyalty absolutely to Christ as they denounce any demand for cultural loyalty. Niebuhr presentation has Christ and culture with Christians sandwiched between them. It raises the question of how Christians interact with culture. The acceptance of Christ is the rejection of culture. According to Niebuhr, there is a clear separation between Christians and the world (47-48). Niebuhr further argues that individuals who have adopted God s ways and have accepted Christ never pledged their allegiance easily. Instead, they had to endure numerous mental as well as physical tortures, disowning their earthly affiliations in order to follow C hrist. However, the author also believes that the idea of the creation of a distinctive line between the world and Christianity is more theoretical than practical because the notion has never applied at any particular point in time. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Christ and Culture Written by Richard Niebuhr or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page According to him, no real strain exists between these Christianity and the world. There is no war between social and salvation ethics. The Christians in this camp construe culture via Christ. The elements of culture that appear most inclined to Christ are highly observed by these individuals. Similarly, they also interpret Jesus via culture by connecting civilisation to some of Christ s teachings, which seem to exist in harmony with culture.

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay - 1024 Words

Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562, and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567. Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both, but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters, particularly Mercutio and Paris. Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595, the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597. The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality, however, and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare s original. Shakespeare s use of his poetic dramatic structure (especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension, his expansion of minor characters, and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops. Romeo, forShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meetRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1275 Words   |  6 Pagesauspicious and undulous Elizabethan Age made England the temperament of all sexual intercourse, educate, and most importantly, theatre. Romeo and Juliet, the masterwork buskin by William Shakespeare, employ spot in this period conclusion and relief the statement of two immature lovers whose sick-destined deaths finally conc lusion an old class dispute. The two, Romeo and Juliet, arrive from quarreling families who adamantly condemn of their concord. Thus, after intelligent each other for only a few days,

The Character Building through Character Education Free Essays

Nowadays, several people need the improvement in intensity and quality of character education implementation in formal educational institutions. This claim is based on the growing social phenomenon, namely the Increasing juvenile delinquency In society, such as a mass brawl and various other cases of moral decadence. Even in certain large cities, these symptoms have come to the extent that is very disturbing. We will write a custom essay sample on The Character Building through Character Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the example, several educated people doing corruption In high Institutions such as in attorney. These phenomena are obviously not expected to happen in the society. Therefore, the formal education institutions which are functioned to create the younger generation Is expected to Increase its role In the formation of personality of students through increased intensity and quality of character education. Before we continue the discussion about the need of education nowadays, it is better to know the definition of character itself. Character is attributes or features that make p and differentiate one individual from other individuals. It is the most important essence a person can possess, as it defines who a person is and frequently measured to refer to how good a person Is. On the other words, a person who shows signs of personal eminences which are suitable to what society expect, might be considered to have a good character. Character building is the way to strengthen one’s character by molds oneself Into a productive person within one’s sphere of influence. Developing such personal qualities seems as a purpose of education. It is commonly mphasized qualities that include trustworthy, respect, and responsibility. Those pillars of character building should be learned from the early age In order to devote the strong foundation of character. In this essay, we will converge with the concept, the application, and the effect of character building in the schools. First of all, we deal with the concept of character building In the schools. Character building In school, we call this term as character education, is applied to the national curriculum method that turns around developing â€Å"good character† in students by practicing and eaching moral values and decision making. On the other word. character education is an investment system of the character values to the citizens of schools that include components of knowledge, awareness or volition, and actions to implement those values. As Theodore Roosevelt expresses that to educate a person In mind and not In morals is to educate a menace society. His statement implies that if we want to make students good at not only cognitive aspect but also have a competent in moral aspect, we should educate them In a pleasurable condition. Character education is not a â€Å"quick fix. It provides long-term solutions that address moral, ethical, and academic issues of growing concern to our society and key to the safety of our schools. Character education presupposes that schools have the responsibility to facilitate students to encourage fundamental moral values to conduct their behavior throughout life other than help them to be smart in the lesson. According to Ramli (2003), cnaracter eaucatlon nas tne essence ana tne same meaning as moral education. The goal is to establish the students’ personalities, to become a good human being, society, and citizens. This means that the teacher should facilitate to shape the character of the students in order to achieve the purpose of character education. Secondly, we cope with the application of character building in schools. Internalizing values through the curriculum in elementary school grades is one of the most workable, most used approaches. It is the most workable because we should internalize the character building from the early education, in the elementary school, in order to give strong foundations. Many schools and school systems begin with a core staff and expand gradually to include all staff. Another approach matches core values or character traits concepts to appropriate disciplines, for instance, freedom of conscience and expression with civics, and conservation with science courses. In most instances these concepts are addressed in segments of time, such as six-week units. Several elementary schools assign some time daily for values or character instructions. Schools should be used as venues to practice value or character traits. Students in all grade levels should have opportunities to practice values and character traits that range from role playing and decision making exercises to actual ommunity service. As schools implement values and character education, the implicit curriculum should not be ignored or underestimated. The manner in which teachers and administrators relate, how teachers relate to parents and communicate with students all provide invaluable opportunities for modeling behavior based on the values and character we seek to develop in students. This modeling process should permeate the total school climate, including the way discipline is administered. Classroom management strategies, such as cooperative learning, can encourage the development of such values as trustworthiness, respect, and esponsibility. Furthermore, these values will be explained below. First of all, we deal with the how to internalize to be trustworthiness. Trustworthiness has four basic values for children which are be honest, be reliable, have the courage, and be a good friend. The teachers teach the students to be honest through class management that they do not allowed to cheat from their friends’ work or their own notes when taking the quiz. In addition, the teachers also give the students chances to be reliable. They are learned to keep their promises such as to collect the assignment on time. To have the courage, the student be taught to do what is right in the society based on norms and laws, even it seems difficult. For instance, when the students take the final examination, the teacher asks them to inform while the other students are cheating. On the other word, the teacher should internalize good condition in the classroom. Moreover, the teachers educate their students to be a good friend. The teachers can conduct the class as a group discussion and each group has a leader. Through this method, the students can learn how to cooperate and do not betray the trust in the roup. Then, we contend with the second value of character building which is respect. This value has three domains which are respect for the environment, respect for others, and respect for self. The teachers educate the students to respect for the natural environment by care for and conservation of land, trees, clean air and pure water, and of all living inhabitants on the earth. This particular way can be accomplished in school day through voluntary labor service to make the school envlronment nealtnler. Yurtnermore, tne teacners ralse tne students to respect Tor others. As the example, the students listen to what other students have to say when they are in the discussion. They should appreciate what their friends have done. Not only that, they also should be courteous and polite to all of the people, especially for the teachers in the school. Afterward, the students can respect themselves. They should be taught to have self control of cleanliness. They learn to have good habits of personal hygiene and grooming. As the example, they throw the trash in the dustbin. In addition, the students should respect for their physical, mental and fiscal health. They learn about the awareness of the importance and conscious activity toward maintaining fitness and exercise in the school. Lastly, responsibility is the most important value to be taught. The students are learned to take responsibility for their action. They are not allowed to make excuses or blame others. Evidence demonstrates that mostly, students still do not have enough responsibility in school environment. Students who do not finish their homework usually blame other person that actually does not include in their problem. They make a pretext of their fault because of their parents do not remind to finish the homework. It is the ironical condition. Properly, the students should make their own notes to remind them about their task in school. In this case, the teachers also have contributions to avoid this particular event. After the class ends, the teachers should form the habit of prompting the students about the homework and the next lesson in the class. By doing this method, the students learn to take care of their own business and reach the goal to get the responsibility person. Afterward, we deal with the effect of character education. Embedded in character education are guidelines for successful living. Trustworthiness, respect and responsibility navigate the students to the journey to better person. The students explore education as life and life as learning positive approaches for setting and achieving the goals. They also learn that living each day to its fullest means more than waiting for moments here and there. Character education presents life with context, inviting them to listen, share, explore, and reflect. Cultivating knowledge for purposeful living, students learn through literature, art, humanities and throughout the existing school curriculum the benefits and consequences of behavior. They learn the power of choice. They learn to appreciate the qualities of being human and to share their appreciation at home, in school, and in the community. Based on the above explanations, it can be affirmed that the character education efforts designed and implemented systematically to help students understand the values of human behavior associated with the Almighty God, self, fellow human beings, the environment, and nationhood embodied in thoughts, attitudes, feelings, words, and actions based on religious norms, laws, manners, culture, and customs. The students need standards and the skills to chieve them. They need to see themselves as students engaged in a continuing pursuit of excellence. These standards of excellence in school work and behavior will encourage students to develop qualities like perseverance and determination, and those virtues will affect every aspect of the students’ lives as they mature. Hopefully, the values, moral influences, and noteworthy characteristics we model and discuss will outlast academic facts and fgures. How to cite The Character Building through Character Education, Papers

Persepolis Book vs Persepolis Movie Essay Example For Students

Persepolis Book vs Persepolis Movie Essay A movie-adaptation is the transfer of a written work. The most common form of a movie-adaptation is the use of a novel, such as the book Persepolis, written by Marjane Satrapi, written as a childhood memoir. The story is about a young Marjane growing up in Iran during the Shah dynasty, Iranian Revolution, and Iran-Iraq war during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Not only did Marjane Satrapi wrote the novel, but she also directed the film about the book. Sadly, the work of a movie-adaptation doesnt always include every details mentioned and sometimes add details not included from the text, which includes Persepolis the movie. The author omitted several events from the movie that happened in the book, including the whole first chapter of the novel. Overall, I enjoyed the novel more than the movie, because the movie omitted scenes from the book and it was less accurate from the text.In the beginning of the movie, the setting took place in color with Marjane at an airport. She was at an airport daydreaming and began to have a flashback of her life story in black and white, which is .

The 20s Was A Decade Of Prosperity And Entertainment As Well As Confli

The 20's was a decade of prosperity and entertainment as well as conflicts. Historians emphasize how Americans were living a life of wealth, but forget to mention the problems of society. Cultural, economic, racial, social, religious and political conflicts that plagued America remain unnoticeable and silent in its history. Amongst the life of prosperity and entertainment of the 1920's, the Americans suffered a life of unending conflicts. Prosperity of the 1920's affected many Americans improve their lives. Many middle-class citizens improved their standard of living by purchasing new products such as electric irons, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, toasters, fans, and refrigerators. They were now able to purchase these consumer goods because companies began to reward and pay their workers more money. These companies, such as Ford cars, doubled the wages of the workers at the plant in Highland Park, Michigan. Since wages increased, purchasing goods and cars became affordable. The increase in America's wealth shifted the economy because businesses flourished to serve the needs of the consumers. Not only were the consumers prosperous, but so were the business owners. Since Henry Ford offered a 5 dollar wage a day to workers of thrifty habits, his company earned an estimated $264,000 per day because of the sales so many different companies started to follow Ford's reasoning of increasing wages. Not only did prosperity of Americans bring new consumer goods affordable, it also brought education to children and credit to shoppers. Most people could afford to keep their children in school longer because they were finally prosperous enough to survive without the children's wages. By the end of the decade, 51 percent of all high school age youth were in school. Credit was brought to shoppers because they were starting put money down and paying the balance in installments. Americans bought with credit because they regarded it as an easy way to raise their standard of living. The increase of wealth in the American society brought great change and benefits to the people. The prosperity of Americans reduced the time for jobs and housework, and gave them more leisure time for entertainment. Since Americans were able to afford a motor vehicle, it created a convenient way to get from one place to another. The creation and sales of cars actually changed American culture in numerous ways. Teenagers were able to go to the movies for dates, families hopped into their cars for short day-trips, and people traveled to far distant places. New creations such as movies, sports, and jazz music promoted entertainment in the 20's. The movies were a place that Americans escaped to a different world by watching others on motion pictures for the first time. Because people had the time, energy, and money to play sports, playing and watching it became widely popular. Entertainment in the 20s included listening to two types of African American music, which were the blues and the jazz music. The style and culture of America changed from a life of hard labor and work to one of entertainment and high wages. Many people were able to enjoy recreation for the first time because of the entertainment the decade provided. Even though Americans prospered with lives of wealth and entertainment, economic conflicts drove many families to a life of poverty. Not all Americans were prosperous, such as farmers, miners, and textile workers. Farmers had replaced their workhorses with tractors that produced more wheat and corn than America would consume. Because supply exceeded demand, farm prices declined and left the farmers poverty-stricken. The era of the 20's brought hardships to coal miners because industries began to use electricity and no longer needed coal to run their machinery. Due to the changes in fashion, Americans were buying less cotton and the prices of them plunged. The decade also brought new technology that the family-run firms could not afford nor compete with the big business. Therefore, thousands of small firms went out of business or were absorbed into larger companies of corporations. The act of merging resulted in unemployment and job loss of many family-run firms and the establishment of oligopolies. The oligopolies carried out unreasonable actions such as the American Plan and the Ford Treatment. The American Plan was a variety of

The Theology of the Psalms

The Theology of the Psalms Free Online Research Papers The Theology of the Psalms Reading the book of Psalms is always beneficial because there is always a passage that the reader can relate to at that time. If he is going through difficult times and is looking for comfort, they are there. If he is full of joy and is looking for the words to describe his feeling, they are there. The Psalms show several different forms of worship compiled together in one book. When reading The Book of Psalms, one will notice that God accepts praises in different ways, from different kinds of people. There are different ways of reading the Psalms to get the most from each passage. Also, reading the Psalms with the proper knowledge from the beginning, may keep the reader from getting false meanings or interpretations. Worship does not have to be performed in large groups of people or contain â€Å"magic words†. Worship is about dialogging with God, and there are many ways one can do that. These ways can be seen in different recurring â€Å"themes† all throughout The Book of Psalms. First, lets look at how the Psalms should be read. According to the book The Psalms for the Common Reader, by Mary Ellen Chase, there are three primary things to look at when reading The Book of Psalms. The first is the Poetic Structure of the psalms. The psalms in the Bible are old poems. They were not written the same way that modern poems are written today. They do not use rhymes or meters as we know it in forms of English poetry. However, they did use â€Å"a clearly recognizable rhythm which was really metrical since it was based on accented words, that is, on a measured beat of long and short syllables.† The author goes on to describe how Hebrew poetry was written. â€Å"there are often, if not usually three stresses to a line, that is, three words which receive the beat, or accent; but so many differing mixtures occur that no safe and sure pattern is conclusive. Repetition is the literary feature that is present in the Psalms, as in all other Hebrew poetry. She writes , â€Å"To them, once is not enough.† To show emphasis on what they were saying, Hebrew poets would repeat things as many as four times in a succession of often tumultuous lines. Repetition has been known since the mid-eighteenth century as parallelism. It also appears in Egyptian, Assyrian, Canaanite, and Babylonian poetry and was also common in the literature of the Middle Eastern peoples. There are three types of parallelism, developed by the English scholar Robert Lowth. Synonymous parallelism is the most frequently used type in the Psalms. This is where the second line repeats the first line. Here is an example of Synonymous Parallelism: Hear this, all ye people! Give ear, all ye inhabitants of the world! The heavens declare the glory of God; And the firmament showeth his handiwork. Thou shalt tread upon the lion and adder; The young lion and the dragon shalt thou trample under feet. The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree; he shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon. Another parallelism is Antithetic. In this, the second line represents an antithesis to the first. Here is an example of Antithetic Parallelism: Weeping may endure for a night, But joy cometh in the morning. Synthetic parallelism is the second most common parallelism used in the Psalms. It is used when the second line supplements or completes the first by giving some result or consequence of the first line. Usually, the cause or consequence follows the act or the thought: I cried unto the Lord with my voice, And he heard me out of His holy hill. However, sometimes, the consequence or cause is inverted: I was glad when they said unto me, Let us go into the house of the Lord. Over time, more types of parallelism have been developed, but most are only minor variations of the three kinds originally developed. Not only should the Poetic Structure be focused on, but the Thoughts and Ideas as well. The author writes that â€Å"The Hebrew mind†, the author writes, â€Å"was not, in general, philosophical, at least in a speculative, theoretical sense†. She does not mean to say that the Hebrew prophets and poets were not sensitive and reflective. What she does mean, is that they were not given to speculation or to theory about religious and philosophical questions in that objective, abstract manner which was characteristic of the philosophical mind. In general, the Hebrew poets provide certainty in place of doubt. The author believes that the Psalms portray this character of the Hebrew mind more than any other Old Testament writings. In several Psalms, God assesses anthropomorphic traits, at least in metaphor. Some passages give God a mouth, arms, ears, nostrils and feet. He laughs, smites, slays, shouts, whets a sword, shoots arrows, etc.. However, the psalms also show that ther e are so many other conceptions of god in His spiritual attributes, giving him anthropomorphic traits only in the form of metaphor. It is very important to see how the writers of the Psalms viewed the world of human affairs. To them, sins were transgressions against God in the performing of wrong or unjust acts or even in the thought of such a performance. Many of the writers of the Psalms recognize such a transgression and beg Gods forgiveness and redemption. The author states that in Psalm 19, God is seemingly remote and close, tangible and yet intangible. According to the author, the Psalmists believe that man knows who God is, not just by observing His wonders or obeying His statutes, but by searching the heart in order to see whether he himself is acceptable in his own life or whether his sins of presumption and indifference can blind his vision of God. Finally, it is also important to pay attention to the Literary Devices when reading The Book of Psalms. The author used the word devices instead of traits because traits â€Å"is too large and inclusive a word for my desired aims, which are to show the ways and means employed by the best of the psalmists to endow their songs an poems with enduring life, even with a liveliness and an excitement still read and vibrant after more than two thousand years.† These devices include the use of similes and metaphors, repetition, imagery, swift changes in sentence structure, the employment of the question, comparison and contrast, and variety in stress and in length of line. To the people of Israel, the sea was a huge mystery. Even though they lived along the Mediterranean Sea, they knew little about it. In the Psalms, there are very few references to the sea in relation to God, and those references are expressions of awe, wonder and even fear. Instead, they compared God to the mountain s, which they knew much more about and loved. Because trees were scarce in the land of Israel, rocks were meant for shade and rest from the extreme heat of the desert. God also knows the beasts of the earth and birds of the air, and He cares for them. The psalmists acknowledges this and used it in their writings. The use of questions is also quite common in the Psalms. Here is an example of the use of questions: Why art thou cast down, O my soul? And why art thou disquieted within me? God is also compared to a father frequently throughout the Psalms. Like as a father to pitieth his children, So the Lord pitieth them that fear Him. These literary devices are important to know in order to make sure that the reader does not get any false meaning or create any interpretations that are not the truth Now, lets look at the previously mentioned recurring â€Å"themes† throughout The Book of Psalms. According to the book A Christian Handbook to the Psalms, by R.E.O. White, there are six main recurrent themes of Psalms. These themes are made up of dominant questions, attitudes, assumptions reoccur, reflecting the background of history and faith that they share. The first of these themes is Complaint. The Book of Psalms reveals a great deal of hardship, conflicts, sicknesses and many other major types of difficulties. These difficulties, as the author of this book states it, â€Å"lends a somber color to the religious life† in several Psalms. The following are some examples of these kinds of Psalms: â€Å"I cry with my voice to the Lord† (142:1), In the day of my trouble I seek the Lord; in the night my hand is stretched out without wearying; my soul refuses to be comforted† (77:2), â€Å"I eat ashes like bread, and mingle tears with my drink† (102:9), â€Å"Hear my voice, O God, in my complaint† (64:1). These psalms sometimes lead to self-pity and despair, asking â€Å"Lord, why?† and â€Å"Lord, how long?† They are the opposite of wishful thinking, rejecting the pretense that everything goes well for the religious. The second of these themes is Deliverance and Vindication. Usually, the authors of the psalms plea for comfort or for sympathy rather than deliverance and vindication. An example of a Deliverance and Vindication psalm is â€Å"It is time for the Lord to act, for thy law has been broken† (119:126) Other examples are (Psalms 10;35:24; 27:64; 140 and 149). They use terms like â€Å"Awake, Lord!† and â€Å"Arise, Lord!† very often. The author states that the next theme is Worship. â€Å"One of the most illuminating lines of study has concerned the use of the psalms in the later liturgy of the temple and synagogue worship.†, says the author. He tells us that the heading of Psalm 92 reminds us that Jewish tradition was also associated with the first day of the Jewish week. Also, Psalm 48 with the second, Psalm 82 with the third, Psalm 94 with the fourth, Psalm 81 with the fifth and 93 with the sixth. The Book of Psalms also contains plainly stated liturgical instructions concerning use on ritual occasions. For example, â€Å"A Psalm for the memorial offering† (Psalms 38 and 70) recall the â€Å"meal offering† from Leviticus 2:2-9, suggesting song during the burning of incense. The author suggests that Psalms 24:7-10; 100; and 118:19-27 have to do with ceremonial processions which figured in Jewish worship. He also mentions others that support his belief. Also, he mentions Psalm 51 as being â€Å"an intensely personal expression of penitence, rooted surely in an individuals experience of sin ad remorse.† However, the destruction of Jerusalem (Referenced in Psalm 51:18-19) is referred to, contradicting the whole spirit of the psalm. He believes that this proves that an â€Å"originally individual confession has passed into wider use as a congregational act, fitting for some such occasion as the Day of Atonement or during national disaster. The next theme of the psalms is Enthronement. These provide one example of the use of psalms in public worship. They make a great deal of references to the royalty and the kinship of God. He references Psalms 2; 18; 93 and 97 to support this statement. In the psalms, God is mentioned as the enthroned king of Israel eighteen times, as well as statements like â€Å"The Lord is King† (six times), and â€Å"The Lord reigns† (seven times). Another reoccurring theme in the psalms is God and Nature. Aspects are mentioned all throughout the Book of Psalms and it gives glory to God, recognizing him as the one who made everything. â€Å"The changing moods of Nature, the moving seasons- seed-time rains, â€Å"thirst†, harvest, â€Å"renewal of the earth† the miracle of day and night, and the coursing sun and stars are all faithfully described.†, the author writes. God also is described in ways relating to nature. For example, his voice is the thunder, his energy is behind the wind, his thought is in the beauty, his power is within the storm, his wrath sends the tempest, his generous gifts or judgments are seen at harvest time. The authors of these psalms helped to teach us that the world is about us in our Fathers world, given to us to be our home, delight and a constant reminder of Himself. The last theme that the author mentions is Wisdom. A few psalms, according to the author, â€Å"betray the influence of a fraternity or school of thought in Judaism that tended to make less of tradition, law, ritual and worship than of good living and high thinking as the essence of religion†. He supports this statement, saying that this outlook can be seen in the books of Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes. The author writes, â€Å"To speak of psalms having the style of the wisdom literature (e.g., Pss. 1 and 32) may mean little more than this is expressed in the way that, later, wisdom writers would come to say things† However, occasionally, the teaching itself seems nearer to the outlook of the â€Å"wisdom school† than to more traditional Judaism. (e.g., Psalms 37 and 111). Based on this book, one can conclude that God accepts all kinds of praises. The praises do not have to be in large congregational settings, nor do they have to be individual. They do not hav e to follow a specific guideline or contain special words, titles or phrases. The Book of Psalms shows its readers that God is not closed off from His people; that he hears them when they speak to Him, and that he answers their prayers. Psalms: 4, 5, and 20 are good examples of His hearing and answering of prayer. His provision and His openness to His people shows that He is a God of tremendous love. A Psalm that specifically mentions the love of God is Psalm 118. It also makes it very clear that God is the Lord of everything. He has provided for His children, and He has also delivered them. Several Psalms show this attribute of Gods character: Psalms 3, 13, 18, 27, 30, 31, 43, 44, 71, and 118. God has done amazing things for His people that no one else could ever do. God also loves to hear His people worship Him. He takes delight in it. God is a God of justice. He is a God who is merciful, but He is not hesitant to punish sin and disobedience. Examples of Gods justice and righteousness can be found in Psalms 17, 71, 75, 76, 97 and 113. Psalms 7 and 9 revea l the Righteousness of God. The Psalms tell us that God is in control and that He is our strength in hard times. This is shown in Psalms 11, 13, 18, 27, 40 and 77. God is also faithful to His people (Psalms 117 and 118). In conclusion, The Book of Psalms is a great way to see who God is, relate to the writers through its diverse topics, and worship God for who He is. Research Papers on The Theology of the PsalmsMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenStandardized Testing19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHip-Hop is Art

Year 12 stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Year 12 stress - Essay Example In causing one’s death, the methods being used today are different but the intent and motivation are more or less the same. One of the frequently used methods involves trains and railroad tracks. Most of the suicide incidents reported in Japan these days involve students who flunked, or knew they would flunk, a high-stakes college admission test administered uniformly to graduating high school students nationwide. Japanese students have been raised to believe that their very lives and future ride on this battery of tests such that failure to pass it could mean the end of the world for them. That means abasement and dishonor to the proud Japanese. In the psychology of suicides, however, it is said that it is not enough that one’s sense of pride and honor is wounded to want to end it all. A strong instigating factor is stress which, psychologists say, comes from feeling out of control. So if an individual is in control of his senses, he might still seek ways to redeem his fallen honor and thus vindicate himself. Suicide thus becomes an attractive path only for people stressed out by the prospects of failure, which could be the reason for the alarming incidence of such cases among Japanese students. The same thing could be happening to Australian students in the past few years. A pressure-packed series of tests for pre-college students similar to Japan’s college admission tests has since the 1960s created the same sort of problem for public health and safety in Australia. Like the Japanese exams, a great deal of importance had been attached to the tests for Australia’s Higher School Certificate (HSC) that passing it has become a do-or-die proposition for the students involved. Too much is expected from students going through this examination that flunking it is considered out of the question. The HSC is

Managing communication, knowledge and information Essay

Managing communication, knowledge and information - Essay Example This paper seeks to establish an understanding of the meaning of communication, information and knowledge management, and show how these three aspects can be improved within an organization, including the integration of Information Technology systems to hasten company’s operations. In details, this paper will look at communication process, internal and external sources of knowledge and how managers can improve the communication process as well as communication skills. In addition, the role played by various stakeholders in ensuring effective communication is explained. Lastly, it also covers how IT systems can be used for collecting, analyzing, storing, disseminating and providing access to knowledge and information. Discussion Communication management Communication is the process of transmitting a message from a sender to a receiver in a comprehensible manner. It can also be the process of sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings with others while making sure that those thoughts , feelings and ideas are well understood by the people concerned. Communication is all about speaking, listening as well as observing. Effective communication is crucial in the business world and personal life too. Since communication accounts for the difference between success and failure in many businesses and that it is critical to the successful operation of modern organizations, effective communication is an absolute must. Moreover, every person in an organization needs to understand the principals of effective communication. Companies everywhere are working towards the realization of Total Quality Management (TQM) and effective communication, and the manner in which individuals perceive and converse with each other in the workplace is crucial. Poor communication reduces quality, weakens productivity, and later leads to anger as well as lack of trust among stakeholders in an organization, and therefore, communication process is the guide towards the realization of effective com munication. In communication process, the passing of information from the sender to the receiver takes place, and individual who follow the process have the opportunity to become more productive. Communication process within an organization is usually determined by the nature of the organizational structure. Communication process is made up of four key components, which is encoding, the medium of transmission, decoding and feedback. The communication process begins with the sender who can be an individual, group or organization that initiates communication and ends with the receiver. The sender‘s attitude, experience, knowledge, skills experience, perceptions and culture have an influence on the message. Therefore, the sender is usually responsible for the success of the message, and the written words, spoken words and non-verbal language selected are paramount in ensuring the receiver interprets the message intended (Burnett & Dollar 1989). The encoding process is the first s tep in the communication process. A sender must encode, which means translating information into a message that represents ideas and concepts usually in the form of symbols, and it becomes a coded message which will now be communicated. The

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Art - Essay Example Reproductions of his work appear on posters, calendars, mouse pads, and other widespread consumer items. Even those works not immediately known today are quickly recognized by his unique style and approach, such as his painting Wheatfield with Cypress. Wheatfield with Cypress is an example of Van Gogh’s work while he was a resident at Saint-Remy hospital for the mentally unstable. It is a member of a series of paintings in which Van Gogh explored an image or a theme. Whether it was this painting or another one of the series, he wrote to Theo that the trees â€Å"are always occupying my thoughts, I should like to make something of them like the canvases of the sunflowers, because it astonishes me that they have not yet been done as I see them. The tree is as beautiful of line and proportion as an Egyptian obelisk. And the green has a quality of such distinction. It is a splash of black in a sunny landscape, but it is one of the most interesting black notes, and the most difficult to hit off exactly that I can imagine† (cited in Wallace, 1969: 144). His fascination with the trees themselves as well as their contribution to the landscape overall is evident within this painting. The image depicts an initially confusing scene. The brightly lit landscape is covered by a swirling mass of clouds in a sky that seems eternally blue. The scene depicts a golden wheatfield not far from the hospital in which Van Gogh stayed in southern France (Wallace, 1969). The field is interrupted by a set of wind-swept green bushes in its center to provide balance and a pair of flame-like cypresses standing proudly to one side. This is backed by small green foothills and then blue-tinged mountains rising to back the cypress trees. In the extreme foreground, a glimpse is given of a spring-green field filled with wild flowers in the bottom right corner. Another vividly green bushy area surrounds the two cypress trees, providing a solid base to the narrow

Total quality management Literature review

Total quality management Literature review Literature review The world experienced the quality revolution in the early 1990s. From that instance organisations were improving in overall quality of the organisation. The companies around the world competed with their quality of products and services, price and delivery. Organisations believed that by improving the quality, they can achieve lower cost, fewer failures and better marketability. In this period total quality management became popular. TQM is applied in organisations to improve its effectiveness, flexibility and competitiveness, by improving the overall quality of the organisation. It is focused mainly on continuous improvement. TQM is nothing but a philosophy and guide to organisations, which helps them in ways towards continuous improvement. TQM is a combination of system of systems. All the companies have not achieved competitive advantage or benefits using TQM is because of implementation and usage in the organisation. To be successful with TQM the indicators which are to be achieved by an organisation are the leadership, continuous improvements, internal or external co- operation, customer focus, learning, employee fulfilment and process management. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0291030201.html http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/1060120604.html http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0400140507.html http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/1760030104.pdf According to Hansson and Klefsjà ¶ (2003) TQM can be defined as a management system, which consists of three interdependent units, namely core values, techniques and tools. But the definitions for total quality management are vague. The aim of TQM is Zero defect and it mainly emphasis on quality. The core values of TQM which will lead to better quality in the organisation is summarised from the authors (Boulter and Bendell, 2002, Ehresman, 1995, Ghobadian and Gallear 1995, Hansson and Klefsjà ¶ 2003, 2006 ) it is divided into three parts, first the whole organisation has to committed and work towards common goal i.e. continuous improvement. Secondly the customers are to be focused, through better satisfaction in the products and services. The decisions made with regard to customers are to be given the highest priority by top level management. Thirdly the decisions must be taken with trusted facts and figures. http://demo1.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet;jsessionid=5FBEA684473F22B9FAE30638F23D3534?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/1060150201.html Boulter, L., Bendell, T. (2002), How can ISO 9000:2000 help companies achieve excellence? What the company think, Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 6 No.2, pp.37-41. Ehresman, T. (1995), Small Business Success through TQM, ASQC Quality Press, Milwaukee, WI. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VC4-3VW1BRW-8-2_cdi=5944_user=138221_orig=search_coverDate=02%2F29%2F1996_sk=999759998view=cwchp=dGLbVlz-zSkzkmd5=a2afeab00d66a4e64f8e3a30e84385dfie=/sdarticle.pdf http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg_imagekey=B6VCT-4MHPHMF-C-5_cdi=5963_user=138221_orig=search_coverDate=12%2F01%2F2007_sk=998169997view=cwchp=dGLbVzb-zSkWzmd5=e471fdc0aece7732196abd9705804b37ie=/sdarticle.pdf http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0291080901.html From the definition and study it is stated that the environmental management is a part of quality management. When the organisation is moving towards total improvement in performance, the environmental performance has its presence. Governments and agencies around the world created quality systems to help the organisations to achieve their quality objectives through quality management systems and environmental performance in environmental management systems. The QM and EMS share a common aim and values. QM and EMS are integrated now. According to Wilkinson and Dale, 1998 and Karapetrovic and Willborn, 1998 integration can be carried out in many different ways but, the results differ in terms of applying it and it is also called as system of systems. Wilkinson, G., Dale, B.G. (1998), System integration: the views and activities of certification bodies, The TQM Magazine, Vol. 10 No.4, pp.288-92 Karapetrovic, S., Willborn, W. (1998), Integration of quality and environmental management systems, The TQM Magazine, Vol. 10 No.3, pp.204-13. For example the ISO has developed management systems separately for quality management and environmental management i.e. ISO9000 for quality and ISO14000 for environmental management. Integration was done by the technical committee in 2004 between quality and environment systems. They had explored the common factors between two systems and modified ISO 14000-2004 to enable organisations to use both systems at once. This resulted in superior performance in many organisations. They introduced the PDCA which is common for both systems. Bernardo et al, 2008 http://demo1.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=ArticleFilename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0510200405.html#idb31 Environmental management and quality management are parallel to each other. They have common factors like zero defects and no wastage and the process of implementation with corrective and preventive actions. But some basic value does not integrate, exactly with each other. QMS mainly concentrates on consumer requirements and on the other had EMS focuses on the environment. According to Chinn a new concept was formed in late 90s which was named as QEMS which means quality and environment management system. It has stated the common elements they worked upon. They are planning, objectives, management responsibility, communication, training, control of records and many others. So when an organisation need to equipped with total quality system, the EMS will also must be in place to monitor the environmental sustainability measures from the organisation. What is Benchmarking? In the present business scenario, quality has become a major criterion in all aspects of the organisation, so the managers have taken up quality improvement tools such as total quality management, quality function development and continuous improvement. The exertion of these tools is to discover the flaws in the organisational process. The next step is to convert these flaws and improving the component. Here the question rises of how to fix these inadequacies? Benchmarking is the way to fix them. As benchmarking is a quality improvement process. It is a systematic process of searching and monitoring the best practices in the sector. Benchmarking has been the concept of imitating the best practices in the industry. Organizations have to achieve cost benefits, better operations and better environment by which it induces the company to learn quickly and cheaply from adopting the best practices and performance standards from other companies in order to get better competitive advantage over its competitors. This can be extended anywhere because the ultimate goal is to be best in class. Benchmarking is commonly used tool in the organisations. This technique can be implemented in all sectors and it is due to increasing competitiveness. Benchmark means to a unit on a scale for measurement. It was a fashionable concept for the large manufacturing companies which predominantly uses quantitative economic parameters, such as inventory turnover, set-up times, lead time, direct labour time or working time, return on sales, return on equity are measured.(Miller et al.,1992). Nowadays benchmarking is used everywhere and it is used to measure any process, activity, procedure in an organisation which may be of products or services. Many authors and literatures have given many different forms of definitions for benchmarking. Definitions from Sarkis, Andersen and pettersen and Marosszeky and Karim are benchmarking means comparing the practices, operations, results of an organisation with the best organisation in the sector and adopt and practice the techniques used in there to improve ones own organisation. And it focuses on continuous improvement, in quality and helps to learn from the competitors. Through which the faults and breakthroughs in the organisation can be easily identified and systematically dealt with. It also helps in improving the overall quality and business environment carried out through learning from each other. It forms a continuous and systematic improvement in an organisations processes, products and services which are being monitored and adopted from the best practices globally or nation wide or in a particular sector. Benchmarking is used to achieve and maintain high level of competitiveness. It monitors the continuous improvement by the process of measuring the products, services and business practices against the best practices in the industry. The organisations strengths and weakness can be easily identified and measured with the best and toughest competitors in the industry. Best practices is finding and using the best ways to achieve the desired objectives in the organisation. It is done by imitating the practices and processes of the organisation who are leaders in the sector and measuring the ways it worked with. Benchmarking can be done in five steps for an organisation. Firstly the required data are collected in a planned manner from the organisation and the data is converted into a report format, which make it easy for analyzing the situation. After creating a report the gaps are to be detected and corrective action has to be implemented to fill the gaps. When the gaps in the organisation are corrected, review has to be done in regular intervals and reported. It is compared with best practice in the industry. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/04/02091848/1 Many organisations are not aware of what needed to be benchmarked. because of the lack of management knowledge. A key issue is that what to benchmark in business or an organisation. It is mainly used to compare and measure of business and product performance and how it is extended to the business processes. Determining the issues to be benchmarked is a critical issue. The following questions can aid to the question of what to benchmark with environment (Cassell et. al.., 2001) To find the critical factors which are of organisations success To find the process causing the trouble in the system To find the process which contribute to maximum customer satisfaction and in which the performance is not to the expectation Examine and define the competitive pressures impacting the organisation What the processes which have the greatest potential for differentiating in the business competitiveness? Environmental benchmarking The environmental benchmarking is derived from benchmarking and it mainly focuses on the natural environment. It helps the organisation to become green and eco efficient by adopting the practices from the leaders in industry. It is also a quality improvement tool and has become very essential to an organisation. They are used to achieve environmental performance in the organisation i.e. it helps the organisation to manipulate on the natural environment. It is adapted in many organisations due to the pressure from stake holders, public and authorises. According to Greeno and Robinson 1992, Demands on companies to measure, document and disclose information about environmental performance will become invasive.and environmental performance will become a critical factor to scrutinize. It is been predicted a decade ago, and the governments has now made it mandatory and bought it to the legislations that organisations must be environmental conscious and friendly. According to Szekely, et. al.., 1996, Makrinou et al 2008 and Mandaraka, et. al 2003 Environmental benchmarking is used by various organisation in their practices, process and in business operation to achieve environmental efficiency and environmental performance. The tool framed to rigorously concentrate on every activity of the organisation and examines and compares the process to achieve its objectives. The process is the elimination and rectification of weak activities and processes in the organisation and the objective is to identify and access the abilities and attributes in business to achieve maximum environmental performance. Most of the weak activities cause heavy pollution and burden to the environment. The weak process and activities are very dangerous to the environment and life. The world in has seen many industrial disasters in last two decades due to unhealthy practices and operations by the environment. The best examples are the Efficient and maximum usage of virgin materials in the organisation, recycling of waste, waste, treatment plant to neutralise end pipe discharge, maximum utilization of assets and machinery and power saving equipments and minimum usage of non renewable resource. Minor modifications in the process of operations in the organisations, will lead to lesser impact on the environment and can avoid these kinds of disasters in future. The improved process, practices and operations can be identified from the best practices. Benchmarking tools helps in finding the best practices in national and international level. Environmental benchmarking is an integral part of environmental management systems. This helps in setting up of goals and targets for an organization towards environmental efficiency. It also helps in monitoring the performance of the targets which are to be achieved towards better environment. It is one of the tools used in management systems like EMS (Bolli and Emtairah 2001). Environmental management system EMS is a management type system which aims in managing the environmental aspects of the organisation in a pro active way, and it directly relates to the organisations overall performance. It relates to the process, practices, products and services and day to day operations. The main objective of Ems is to continually improve the environmental performance of the organisation with overall performance. Ems is a collection of policies, statements, assessments, plan and actions which directly or indirectly affects the organisation and its performance. Organisations achieve environmental performance with Ems in a systematic manner. It is a continuous cycle which plans, implements, reviews and improves the practices and processes of the organisation for continuous improvement towards environmental sustainability. Ems mainly focuses on minimizing the environmental impacts of the organisation on the natural environment. The main objectives of Ems for the SMEs are It induces the organisation to have an environmental management system. It assists the SMEs in understanding the concepts of Ems in their operations, in order to help the management to adopt precisely. This reduces the impacts on natural environment and it is easy to comply with the regulation. This helps in cost savings and increased productivity. The third objective is developing a awareness with the SMEs entrepreneurs, regarding the importance of environment and the organisations impact on them. It helps the SMEs in creating a strong foundation to implement the international standards like ISO and EMAS in organisations. According to British standards institute, Ems is defined as the organisational structure, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for determining and implementing environmental policy. According to BSI is nothing but an environmental policy which outlines the organisations commitment to the environmental performance. Many organisation in different countries follow and adopt the environmental management system such as BS8555, ISO 14000 series, EMAS, Green dragon. But in common it works on the Deming Cycle. Plan, what you are going to do, do what you planned to do, check to ensure that you did what you planned to do and act to make improvements. SMEs adopt EMS EMS is an unobserved quality. It can be examined only by the drivers, practices. The organisations are motivated to use EMS and its environmental strategies to increase their efficiency and legitimacy. It is very controversial because from the study of states those SMEs are not only motivated by the rewards and befits such as environmental performance, organisational/business performance and export orientation but they are pressurized to adopt EMS by their stake holders and institutional pressures. According to Khanna and Anton 2002 EMS becomes complete when they are more environmental practices is undertaken in the organisation. The environmental practices are the environmental policy, evaluation, training for employees, regular audits of internal and external in nature, environmental performance and benchmarking with the best practices, goals and targets and public report. Motivation and EMS Motivation is the driving force behind for an organisation to implement a management techniques or tool or system in their operations and business process. The factors and statistics which can be used to motivate the organisations to implement EMS in their organisation and in the same time become environmentally sustainable and reduce the impact on natural environment. The factors are the organisation can achieve compliance with the regulations of the government, it creates an eco friendly image to the stake holders and better marketability options and it also reduces cost with greater organisational performance. Export orientation In the globalised world export and import has taken the centre stage. Export orientation becomes imperative when organisation operates within or depends on the foreign markets. When the goods are carried out of national borders EMS becomes essential to meet the demands of the importing country and the needs of diverse customers. Buyers gain trust of exporters by looking into the operations and eco friendly procedures and facilities implemented in the organisation. EMS and organisational Performance A management system is framed and practiced in the business is to gain from the management practices. The gain or benefit can be in the form of monetary benefit or non monetary benefit. EMS and environmental performance EMS and pressure on SMEs SMEs are exposed to stakeholders pressure to adopt environmental management system. The stakeholders are person, group, organisation or the government which has a direct or indirect stake in the organisation and can or would be affected by the organisations policy, decision and operations. The stake holders for an SME are Regulatory pressure The regulatory pressure is created from the regulators, governments, insurers on the organisation to curb their pollution levels and employ eco friendly operations and which doesnt impact the natural environment. If the organisations fail, it is imposed with fines, penalties, strategic actions or even closure of firms. The regulatory pressure creates an opportunity for the organisation to become more competitive and capitalize of the situation. But when the regulation becomes stricter, the SMEs are compelled to implement costly pollution control technologies. Better pollution control leads to lesser insurance premiums and better credit options from the bank and financial agencies. Market pressure In this competitive world the organisations are concerned about the market share. Customers have become concerned about the natural environment and they have started to use the products and services of the organisations which are eco efficient and sustainable towards the environment. When organisation adopts EMS it increases organisations reputation. The market pressures drive the managers to adopt EMS to survive in the business and to stay competitive. Social pressure An organisation must have a better public image to survive and competitive in the market. To gain the image the organisation need to become environmental friendly and work towards continual improvement. The word social include the environmental organisation, community groups, labour unions and association which regards to trade. There is been a increase in awareness towards the natural environment in recent times because of industrial accident like Bhopal disaster and Exxon oil spill which shock the world. When an organisation does not implement EMS in their organisation the worst scenario of boycott of goods and it may damage the image in the business environment. Ownership pressure This pressure is imposed on the organisation by their share holders. In SMEs the share holders are in the form of partnership within the company. The pressure is on the organisation to adopt EMS with wide-range of tools and techniques to create an environmental friendly organisation. Organisation is prone to financial liabilities when it has a poor reputation in terms of environment and performance. Internal and external barriers to SMEs in adopting EMS Internal barriers are of resources, understanding and perception, implementation and attitudes and company culture. SMEs are lack of time from the management and staff, to concentrate on EMS implementation and maintenance. Staffs in SMEs lack managerial skill and it is not possible for SMEs to give training due to the constraint of limited resources. When there is an inexperienced or unskilled staff force it becomes difficult to implement EMS, because lack of understanding of the procedures, policies and legal compliances. Implementation of EMS is very cumbersome. Minor breaches in the implementation would cause a heavy loss of resources to the organisation and possible deregistration from the standards. SMEs have to concentrate on continual improvement and it is very difficult to adopt in every stage on the process. The external barriers are the obstacles and hindrances which arise from the external environment of the organisation. High costs of recruiting a consultant and verification/ certification is a major barrier to the SMEs. They are limited number of verifiers in each country and it becomes more expensive to hire. SMEs are not beneficial with EMS because of change in economic climate and Uncertainty which prevails within the market for the value of EMS standard. Benefits and disbenefits of SMEs adopting EMS Small and medium scale enterprises around the world share common characteristics. According to - SMEs around the world contribute 70 percent of pollution ie the SMEs cause great impact to the natural environment. So the EMS model was adapted to SMEs from large scales enterprises. SMEs adapting EMS face disbenefits or non materialization benefits from EMS in their organisation. They are being classified into three (i) resources (ii) surprises (iii) lack of rewards. SMEs characteristics are it lacks professionalism, lack of knowledge, is has started with a minimum capital, lack of skills and time. They also have the barrier of specialized staff and skills to co ordinate the EMS activities in the organisation. The SME has to rely completely on consultants for the certification and adaption on EMS. It is evident that, some may misguide and it results in negative results and wastage of resources for the organisation. SMEs have to incur cost of certification and implementation which is of high capital expenditure to the organisation. which is beyond reach for many organisations. The EMS surprises the SMEs with resources and time spent to implement system which are complex in nature. The other surprises are it is difficult to meet the expectations of all stake holders, it difficult to synchronise with other management

international relations :: essays research papers

By Rishana Balkisson Mark Simpson looks at the evolution of international relations as a study and the methods that scholars have over the decades used to study I.R. Judging from this analysis, do International Relations have any relevance in the 21st century? Justify your answer. We are now living in the 21st century, our world has been through two major world wars and we are still fighting many wars and battles. It has been found that many countries come together as a team and then end their relationships with blood in their hands. Presidents from all round the glob come together to celebrate or to negotiate deals. We also have the United Nations, which is an international power which is made up of the different nations to help the countries that need help. International trade takes place between all the different countries so that we receive the benefits that other countries offer. International relations is said to be the back bone of the news that occurs all around the globe. Everyday when we watch the news on the television we find that they have local and international news why is this? Why it is so important to us to learn what is going on in other countries? Well during world war one there was a birth of the League of Nations. It was here that we found the very first time countries coming together to help their neighbours. This is the real birth of international relations; it was found here that different countries helped them with food supply, ammunition and soldiers. In world war two the growth of realism took place, this dominated the international relations. What is realism? â€Å"Realism is grounded in an emphasis on power politics and pursuit of national interests† according to international relations from a realism point of view politics internationally was anarchic, it is when a state or country acts in order to benefit for its own interests and not the rest of the world. Then you get pluralism definition which is where there is a diffusion of power only among a few countries. This took place during 60s and 70s. If you look at today the 21st century we find that we still need the support of other countries. Take a look at the 9/11 saga when the bombings in America took place. America needed help even though they had a lot of power and many countries agreed to help them.

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (a Govt. of India Enterprise)

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED (A GOVT. OF INDIA ENTERPRISE) OFFICE OF THE C. G. M. T. AMBALA ***** RECRUITMENT OF TELECOM TECHNICAL ASSISTANT (TTA) for Haryana Telecom Circle Applications are invited from the eligible candidates for recruitment of 156 number of Telecom Technical Assistants by Haryana Telecom Circle for its various 09(Nine) Secondary Switching Areas (SSAs) as per details given below:Category wise Vacancies Physical Handicapped SC OBC Loco Hearing Name of SSA Total Vacancies AMBALA 46 25 09 11 Nil 01 KARNAL 17 12 01 04 Nil NilHISSAR 30 19 06 05 Nil Nil ROHTAK 20 11 04 05 Nil Nil FARIDABAD 05 04 Nil 01 Nil Nil JIND 06 04 01 Nil 01 Nil REWARI 09 04 02 03 Nil Nil GURGAON 12 08 Nil 04 Nil Nil SONEPAT 11 06 02 02 01 Nil Total 156 93 25 35 02 Address where application is to be submitted 01 OC AGM(Admn/HR)O/o GMTD Ambala AGM(Admn/HR)O/oSr. GMTD Karnal AGM(Admn/HR) O/o Sr. GMTD Hissar AGM(Admn/HR) O/o GMTD Rohtak AGM(Admn/HR) O/o Sr. GMTD Faridabad AGM(Admn/HR) O/o GMTD Jind AG M(Admn/HR) O/o GMTD Rewari AGM(Admn/HR) O/o Sr. GMTD Gurgaon AGM(Admn/HR) O/o GMTD Sonepat Note:(1) 0% of the total vacancies will be reserved for Ex-servicemen. Candidates who have not been discharged prior to date of submission of application will not be treated as Ex-Serviceman and they should not apply under this category. (2) The number of vacancies is subject to change / revision. (3) There is no reservation for ST category in Haryana as per Central Government instructions. IDA Scale of Pay:- Telecom Technical Assistant shall be appointed in the IDA pay scale of Rs. 13600-25420 with annual increment @ 3% of basic pay + other allowances admissible as per Company rules.Jurisdiction: Normally selected candidates will be posted at the same SSA but under special circumstances they will be posted anywhere in Telecom Circle and anywhere in India under Territorial /Army Act 1948. Age limit:a) The applicant should be between 18 to 27 year of age as on last date of submission of applica tion. b) However, this age is relaxable for following categories of applications: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) For Schedule castes upto 5 years. For OBC candidates upto 3 years. For PH candidates upto 10years( 15 years for SC and 13 years for OBC) For departmental candidates up to 40 years in respect of General candidates. p to 45 years in respect of SC candidates in accordance with the instructions or orde rs issued by the Central Government. up to 43 years in respect of OBC candidates. For Residents of J&K :- Relaxation shall be in accordance with DoP&T O. M No. 15012/7/1991 -Estt(D) dated 06-12-2005 pertaining to â€Å"Residents of State of Jammu and Kashmir(Relaxation of Upper Age limit for Recruitment to Central Civil Services & Posts) Rules 1997†. (v) All Central / State Government /PSU Employees should send their applications through proper channel. Age relaxation for Ex-serviceman will be applicable as per Central Govt. Rules. The crucial date for determining the age limit sha ll be the closing date of applications (i. e ) 13. 05. 2013. Educational Qualification: – The Applicant must possess, as on the last date of Application, the educational qualifications in any of the following disciplines from a recognized Institute / University: (a) Three Years Engineering Diploma in :i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) Telecommunications Engineering Electronics Engineering Electrical Engineering Radio Engineering Computer Engineering Instrumentation/ Instrument Technology Information Technology (b) M. Sc(Electronics) from a recognized institution / University.Note:(a) (b) (c) Only such qualification and streams as prescribed above is allowed. There is no equivalence provided. Candidates possessing higher qualification in the eligible stream are allowed to appear in the examination. The candidate must have completed the requisite qualification by closing date of application i. e. their final results must have been declared before closing date of application and he/sh e should submit diploma / degree / provisional diploma / degree showing that he/she has completed the requisite qualification (alongwith total marks) by closing date of application.Appearing / those who have not passed all semester are not eligible. Results downloaded from Internet will not be accepted. Mode of Selection: By means of competitive examination to be held in accordance with syllabus and Programme as under. Exam will be held at SSA level and Merit list will be drawn by respective SSA. There shall be only One Paper of multiple choice objective type(OMR based) of three hours duration with the following details:- Part-I Part-II Part-III PART General Ability Test Basic Engineering Specialization MARKS 20 90 90 Day & Time 30-06-2013 (Sunday) 10. 00 AM to 01. 00 PM Note:(I)No bonus marks will be awarded for any higher qualifications or sports qualifications. (II) Candidates will have option to appear in paper either in Hindi or English language. Medical Fitness:The selected ca ndidates will be required to undergo a medical Test to ensure that they are physically fit and mentally alert to perform the duties expected of a TTA before sending them on TTA’s training. Period of Probation:- 2 years Concessions for SC Candidates:(a) Traveling Allowance to SC candidate: The applicants belonging to SC categories will be entitled to T. A as per provisions of Central Government.Filled up TA Form in the format attached. (b) Pre-recruitment training for SC Candidates:- Necessary Pre-Recruitment training for SC candidates will be conducted at CTTC Kurukshetra. Willing candidates may send their request alongwith application. Bond and Training:- All the candidates shall execute a bond in the form specified by the BSNL indicating their willingness to serve the BSNL for a period of Two years from the date of appointment as TTA. The selected candidates, before their appointment as TTA will have to successfully undergo prescribed training as per training plan laid down and amended by the BSNL from time to time.The appointment and posting will be subject to successful completion of training. During training period, the direct recruited TTAs will be entitled to a stipend of Rs. 4970/- plus IDA admissible thereon and allowances as amended by the BSNL from time to time. The seniority of the candidates will be decided on their post training marks. Service Liability: Normally within the territorial jurisdiction of Secondary Switching Area (SSA) but transferable anywhere in Haryana. Candidates if required are also liable to serve in the Territorial Army / Signal Unit in accordance with rules made there under.Registration in Employment Exchange:There is no restriction of residence or essential condition of registration with the Employment Exchange in the particular SSA in which the applicant may apply. It would, however, be preferable if the applicant has registration in the employment exchange of the SSA concerned in which the applicant applies. Note:- Candidates need apply in only one SSA of his/her choice. Fee:- The Examination fee(Non-refundable) of Rs. 500/-(Rs. Five Hundred Only) is to be sent alongwith the application form in the shape of Crossed Indian Postal Order / Bank Draft drawn in the favour of Account Officer(Cash) O/o Sr.GMTD/GMTD (name of SSA) of the SSA concerned as the case may be. Payable at their Head Quarters and must be purchased / issued after the date of advertisement. Fee remitted by Money Orders, Cheques etc. will not be accepted. No examination fee is required to be paid in respect of SC /PH candidate. Syllabus: The syllabus is available on website www. haryana. bsnl. co. in How to apply:- Typed Application as per format duly filled in b y the candidate in his/her own handwriting should be sent to the AGM(Admn/HR) O/o Sr.GMTD /GMTD (name of SSA) of the SSA concerned for which the candidate wishes to apply at the address given above, latest by 13-05-2013. Three recent identical passport size photographs ( duly attested by a Gazetted officer) out of which one is to be affixed in the space provided and another should be enclosed with the application. The en velope containing application should be super scribed in bold letters â€Å"Application for Direct Recruitment to the cadre of Telecom Technical Assistants† Two self addressed stamped envelopes size (23Ãâ€"11 cms) (affix a postal stamp of Rs. /- each) should also be enclosed with the application. Note :- 1) No application should be submitted to the office of Chief General Manager Telecom Haryana Circle,Ambala . All such applications are liable to be summarily rejected. (2) Please enclose only photocopies of all the certificates and detailed mark-sheets duly attested by the candidates himself/ herself as well as by a Gazetted Officer in support of age, qualification, caste etc. SC / OBC certificate should be as required for central govt. service. In OBC certificate it should be categorically mentioned that the candidate does not belong to creamy layer.The name in the SC/OBC certificate should perfectly match with that in the matric certificate & other certificates of higher qualifications. The candidate should write his name in the same format as is mentioned in the matric & other certificates. If the same is found to be different, the application will be rejected. For example if SURNAME is not mentioned in the matric certificate, the same should not be in the SC/OBC certificate etc. & also should not be written in the application form. Married female candidates (wherever applicable) should submit SC/OBC certificate issued after their marriage according to the caste of their husband.APPLICATIONS RECEIVED AFTER THIS DATE WILL BE SUMMARILY REJECTED. Rejection : Application received without the required fees, without copies of attested certificates, in complete applications, drafts wrongly addressed, not having qualification strictly according to as given above & application received after due date will be summarily rejected . Abbreviations:- OC = Other Caste ,SC = Scheduled Caste, OBC = Other Backward Classes ,PH = Physical Handicapped, Ex-SM = EX-servicemen. Chief General Manager Telecom Haryana Telecom Circle Ambala-133001 BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED [ A Government of India Enterprise ]APPLICATION FOR EXAMINATION FOR EXAMINATION -2012 IN HARYANA BSNL DIRECT RECRUITMENT OF TELECOM. TECHNICAL ASSISTANT (TTA) Important Notes: (i) Before filling this form, read detailed advertisement carefully. (ii) All entries should be made in capital letters. 1. Name of Recruitment Unit: (SSA) 2. Name (in capital letters) (for S. No. 2 & 3 please keep one box blank between first name, middle name & last name) 3. Father's/Husband's Name (in capital letters) 4. Date of Birth DAY MONTH YEAR 5. Age as on the closing date of receipt of application 13-05-2013 YY 7. Gender [Male/Female] 8. Marital Status MM 9. 6.Whether claiming age relaxation? DD Write: Yes/No CATEGORY Nationality [Married/Unmarried] be longs to SC/ST/OBC/OC/PWD 10 Country By Birth or Domicile 11. Category (write, as applicable) Whether BSNL employee (Yes/No). If yes, mention HRMS No. Whether undergone apprentice training in BSNL successfully (Yes/No) If Physically Disabled (Attach Medical Certificate as in Annexure I) whether LOCOMOTIVE HEARING Impairment or Whether Govt. employee (Yes/No). Whether belongs to Exservicemen /J&K – Please specify Percentage of disability 12. Address for correspondence (in capital letters) Name : Address: City: State: e-mail address:Mobile No. Please affix one recent passport size Photograph without attestation Pin Code : Tele. No(with STD Code) Signature of Candidate 13. Educational Qualification (Diploma in Engg. & above). Name of Engg. University/Institute Diploma/Degree with Discipline As per the Advertisement whether eligible (Yes/No) Please affix one recent passport size Photograph without attestation 14. Permanent Address (in capital letters) Name Month & Year of Passing : Father's/Husband's Name: Address : City : State : Pin Code: 15. Declaration to be given by OBC candidate only, eligible to avail reservation applicable to OBC: I †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. on/daughter of Shri †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. resident of village/town/city†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Dis trict†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. State †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. hereby declare that I belong to the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. community which is recognized as a backward class by the Government of India for the purp ose of reservation in services as per orders contained in Department of Personnel and Training Office Memorandum No. 36012/22/93-Estt. (SCT), dated 8. 9. 1993. It is also declared that I do not belong to persons/sections (Creamy Layer) mentioned in column 3 of the Schedule to the above referred Office Memorandum dated 8. 9. 1993 and amended vide OM No. 6033/3/2004-Estt. (Res. ) Dated 14. 10. 2008. DECLARATION TO BE SIGNED BY THE APPLICANT I do hereby declare that all the statements made in the application are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. I understand that in t he event of any particular information given above being found false or incorrect, my candidature for the post of Telecom Technical Assistant(TTA) is liable to be rejected or cancelled and in the event of any mis-statement or discrepancy in the particulars being detected after my appointment, my services are liable to be terminated forthwith without any notice to me.I also understand that if appointed, I would rank junior to any TTA who had been appointed earlier by the erstwhile DoT/DTS/DTO or BSNL or any other candidate who had already qualified in the TTA examination but not appointed as TTA by BSNL so far. Similarly, candidates of TTA examination held prior to my appointment will also rank en-bloc senior to me. Place: Date: (Signature of the Applicant) SCEHEME & SYLLABUS FOR TTA DIRECT RECRUITMENT EXAMINATION The standard of paper in General ability test will be such as may be expected of an Engineering Diploma holder.The standard of papers in other subjects will be approximatel y be that of Diploma level of Indian Polytechnic. There shall be single multiple choice objective type Paper of 3 hours duration as per details given below:Paper Part-I :General ability test Part-II :Basic Engineering Part-III :Specialization Marks 20 90 90 Time allowed 3 hours Note:- Minimum qualifying marks for different category of candidates will be as follows: (a) Minimum qualifying marks in the paper will be 40% for the General Category(OC) and 33% for the candidates of SC/ST/OBC/PH categories.The Question paper shall comprise of these parts of 20,90 and 90 each, as prescribed in the scheme and Syllabus. There will be a single paper of 200 marks and each question shall carry one mark. (b) The minimum qualifying marks in each of the thre e parts of Question paper will be 30% for OC and 20% for candidates belonging to OBC/SC/ST categories i. e the minimum passing marks in each of the 3 parts in respect of OBC/SC/ST, it will be 6,27 and 27 respectively whereas in respect of OBC/SC/ST, it will be 4,18 and 18 respectively. c) Further relaxation of 2% in marks will be given to the physically Handicapped candidates in each category viz OC-PH,OBC-PH,SC-PH and ST-PH. (d) There will be negative marking for each wrong one , 25% of mark of that question shall be deducted. PART-I: GENERAL ABILITY TEST- 20 MARKS ` The candidate’s comprehension and understanding of Ge neral English shall be tested through simple exercise such as provision of antonyms and synonyms, fill in the blanks and multiple -choice exercises etc.This shall also include questions on current events, general knowledge and such matters of everyday observation and experience as may be expected of Diploma holder. PART -II: BASIC ENGINEERING- 90 MARKS Detailed Syllabus is as under: 1. Applied Mathematics: Co-ordinate Geometry; Vector Algebras, Matrix and Determinant ; Differential calculus ; Integral calculus, Differential equation of second order; Fourier Series; Laplace Transform; Complex Number; Partial Differentiation. 2. Applied Physics: Measurement-Units and Dimensions; Waves, Acoustics, Ultrasonic; Light; Laser and its Applications; Atomic Structure and Energy Levels. . Basic Electricity: Electrostatics, coulomb’s law, Electric field, Gauss’s theorem, concept of potential difference; concept of capacitance and capacitors; Ohm ‘s law, power energy, Kirchof f’s voltage and current laws and their applications in simple DC circuits; Basic Magnetism; Electro Magnetism; Electromagnetic induction; Concept of alternating voltage & curren t; cells and Batteries ; Voltage and Current Sources; Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem and their applications. 4.Electronic Devices and Circuits: Classification of materials into conductor ,semi conductor, insulator etc. electrical properties, magnetic materials, various types of relays, switches and connectors. Conventional representation of electric and electronic circuit elements. Active and Passive components; semi conductors Physics; Semi Conductor Diode; Bipolar Transistor & their circuits; Transistor Biasing & Stabilization of operating point; Single stage transistor amplifier; field effect transistor, Mosfet circuit applications.Multistage Transistor Amplifier; Transistor Audio Power Amplifiers; Feedback in Amplifier; Sinusoidal Oscillators; tuned Voltage Amplifier; Opto Elec tronics Devices and their applications; Operational Amplifier; wave shaping and switching circuits. Block diagram of I. C timer(such as 555) and its working; Multivibrator circuits; Time base circuits; Thyristors and UJT; Regulated Power Supply. 5.Digital Techniques: Applications and advantages of digital systems; number system(binary and hexadecimal); Logic Gates; Logic Simplification; Codes and Parity; Arithmetic Circuits; Decoders. Display Devices and Associated Circuits; Multiplexers and De-multiplexers; Latches and Flip Flops; Counters; Shift Register; Memories; A/D and D/A converters. PART-III: SPECIALIZATION-90 MARKS Detailed Syllabus is as under: 1.Electrical: 3 phase vs single phase supply, Star Delta Connections, relation between phase & line voltage, power factor and their measurements; construction and principles of working of various types of electrical measuring instruments, all types of motor and generator -AC & DC transformers, starters, rectifiers, invertors, batter y charges, batteries, servo and stepper motors, contactor control circuits, switch gear, relays, protection devices & schemes, substation, protection relaying, circuit breaker, generator protection, transformer protection, feeder & l ightening protection, feeder & bus bar protection, lightening arrestor, earthing, voltage stabilizer & regulators, power control devices & circuits, phase controlled rectifiers, invertors, choppers, dual converters, cyclo converters; power electronics application in control of drivers, refrigeration & air conditioning. 2.Communication: Modulation and demodulations-principles and operation of various types of AM, FM and PM modulators/demodulators; pulse modulation -TDM,PAM,PPM,PWM; Multiplexing, Principles and applications of PCM. Introduction of Basic block diagram of digital and data communication system; coding error detection and correction techniques; Digital Modulation Techniques -ASK,ICW,FSK,SK; Characteristics/working of data transmission circuit s; UART,USART; Modems; Protocols and their functions, brief idea of ISDN interfaces, local area Network; Carrier telephony -Features of carrier telephone system. Microwave Engineering; Microwave Devices; Waveguides; Microwave Components; Microwave antennas; Microwave Communication System-Block diagram & working principles of microwave communication link. 3.Network, Filters and Transmission Lines: Two point network, Attenuator; Filters; Transmission Lines and their applications; characteristic impedance of line; concept of reflection and standing waves on transmission line; Transmission line equation; Principle of impedance matching; Bandwidth consideration of transmission line. 4. Instruments and Measurements: Specification of instruments-accuracy, precision, sensitivity, resolution range. Error in measurement and loading effect; Principles of voltage, current and resistance measurement; Transducers, measurement of displacement & strain, force & torque measuring devices, flow of mea suring devices, power control devices & circuits. Types of AC milli voltmeters-Amplifier rectifier amplifier: Block diagram explanation of a basic CRO and a triggered sweep oscilloscope, front panel controls; Impedance Bridges and Q-Meters.Principles of working and specification of logic probes, signal analyzer and logic analyzer, signal generator, distortion factor meter, spectrum analyzer. 5. Control Systems: Basic elements of control system , open and closed loop system, concepts of feedback. Block diagram of control system, Time lag, hysterisis linearity concepts; Self regulating and non self regulating control systems. Transfer function of simple control components, single feedback configuration. Time response of systems. Stability Analysis; Characteristics equation. Routh’s table, Nyquist Criterion, Relative stability, phase margin and gain margin. Routh Harwitz criterion; Root Locus technique, Bode plot, Po wer plot, gain margin and phase margin. 6. Microprocessors: Ty pical organization of microcomputer system and unctions of its various blocks, Architecture of a Microprocessor; Memories and I/O Interfacing; Brief idea of M/C & assembly languages, Machines and Mnemonic codes; Instructions format and Addressing mode; concept Instruction set; programming exercises in assembly language; concept of interrupt; Data transfer techniques-sync data transfer, async data transfer, interrupt driven data transfer, DMA, serial output data, serial input data. 7. Computer: Computers and its working, types of computers, familiarization with DOS and windowconcept of file, directory, folder, Number Systems; Data Communication. Programming-Elements of a high level programming language, PASCAL, C; use of basic data structures; Fundamentals of computer architecture, Processor design, control unit design; Memory organization. I/O System Organization. Microprocessor-microprocessor architecture, instruction set and simple assembly level programming. Microprocessor based system design: typical examples.Personal computers and their typical uses, data communication principles, types and working principles of modems, Network principles, OSI model, functions of data link layer and network layer, networking components; communication protocol-x. 25, TCP/IP. Database Management System-basic concepts, entity relationship model, relational model, DBMS based on relational model. Annexure-A NAME & ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTE/HOSPITAL Certificate No†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ DISABILITY CERTIFICATE Recent Photograph of the candidate showing the disability duly attested by the Chairperson of the Medical Board. This is certified that Shri/Smt/Kum†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ son/wife/daughter of Shri†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ age†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. sex†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ identification marks(s) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is suffering from permanent disability of following category: A. (i) Locomotors or cerebral palsy : BL – Both legs affected but not arms. ii) OL – One leg affected (right or left) (a) Impaired reach (b) Weakness of grip (c) Ataxic (iii) BH – Stiff back and hips (Cannot sit or stoop) (iv) MW – Muscular weakness and limited physical endurance. B. Blindness or Low Vision: (i) B : Blind (ii) PB: Partially Blind C. Hearing Impairment: (i) D – Deaf (ii) PD – Partially Deaf (Delete the category whichever is not applicable) 2. This condition is progressive/non-progressive/likely to improve/ not likely to improve. Re-assessment of this case is not recommended/ is recommended after a period of _______________ year’s ______ _____ months*. 3. Percentage of disability in his/her case is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ percent. 4. Sh. /Smt. /Kum. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. eets the following physical requirements for discharge of his/her duties:(i) F-can perform work by manipulating with fingers. Yes/No (ii) PP-can perform work by pulling and pushing. Yes/No (iii) L-can perform work by lifting. Yes/No (iv) KC-can perform work by kneeling and crouching. Yes/No (v) B-can perform work by bending. Yes/No (vi) S-can perform work by sitting. Yes/No (vii) ST-can perform work by standing. Yes/No (viii) W-can perform work by walking. Yes/No (ix) SE-can perform work by seeing. Yes/No (x) H-can perform work by hearing/speaking. Yes/No (xi) RW-can perform work by reading and writing. Yes/No (Dr. ___________________) Member Medical Board (Dr. _____________________) (Dr. ___________________) Member Chairperson Medical Board Medical Board Countersigned by the Medical superintend ent/CMO/Head of Hospital (with seal) *Strike out which is not applicable. BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED [ A Government of India Enterprise ] Office of Sr. GMTD/GMTD___________ Form for reimbursement of Travelling Allowance in respect of SC candidates for attending written test exam for the post of Telecom Technical Assistant (TTA)-2012 at _______________________________________Centre. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Name of Applicant Roll Number Community (Attested photocopy of the certificate enclosed) Residential Address As given in Application form) Address from where journey has been performed Whether employed or not If employed, whether in Centre/State Govt. or Central /State Govt. Corporation, Public Sector Undertaking, Private Sector etc. : : : : : : : : : 8. Details of Journey and Rail/Bus fare etc. : Date of From To Mode of Class of Travel Journey Journey Bus/Rail Distance Travelled (one side) Ticket number Fare (In Rs. ) CERTIFIED THAT a) I am unemployed and as certificate of Unemploy ment issued by MP/MLA or a Gazetted Office of the place where I normally reside is enclosed. b) I have not claimed/will not claim T. A. for this journey from any other source. ) I have actually travelled by the shortest route and by the class/mode for which I have preferred the claim. d) I do hereby declare that all the statements made in the application are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. I understand that in the event of any particular information given above found fake or incorrect, necessary action as deemed fit may be taken by BSNL. Dated: Signature of Applicant Note: 1. Candidate will have to submit original ticket for inward journey. The payment will be made by BSNL through cheque. For use of BSNL Verified by Admissible Amount Rs. ______________________ (Signature Designated Officer of BSNL) Signature of DDO